GEOS-5 GMI Configuration for PIESA

Chemical Boundary Condition Data Sets

Trace gas emissions from fossil fuels, biofuels, and biomass burning are based on inventories and routines provided by the Harvard University GEOS-Chem group. Individual sources are described below. The general approach for fossil fuel and biofuel emissions is to begin with a global inventory and overwrite particular regions where regional inventory data is available. Fossil fuel emissions are scaled from the inventory base year to the simulation year using scaling factors from the Harvard University GEOS-Chem group (van Donkelaar et al., 2008). Biomass burning emissions use emission factors for boreal forest, tropical forest, and savanna/herb/other vegetation types, to convert Global Fire Emissions Database version 2 (GFEDv2) (Randerson, 2007; Van der Werf, 2006) carbon emissions to emissions of NOx, CO, or VOCs, using a carbon to dry matter ratio of 0.45.

Global 2005 emission totals (Tg/yr):

Species	Fossil Fuel	Biofuel	Biomass Burning	Aircraft
NO	52.5	4.8	11.4	1.2
CO	393	176	422
MEK	0.73	1.96	1.88
PRPE	7.94	7.28	3.58
C2H6	17.1	2.54	3.29
C3H8	26.5	1.12	2.14
ALK4	18.6	0.91	0.91
ALD2	0	0.86	2.42
CH2O	0	1.19	4.50

NOx sources

fossil fuel NO emissions

• Aircraft NOx: Steven Baughcum provided aircraft emissions of NOx for 1995 on a 1x1 degree grid with 1 km vertical resolution. We then vertically regridded the aircraft data to the GEOS5 vertical grid using a routine from the Harvard GEOS-Chem group.
• Global NOx emissions from fossil fuels are from the EDGAR 3.2 inventory for 2000. The following regional inventories then overwrite the global inventory:
  • EPA/NEI 2005 over the United States, with seasonality from the VISTAS inventory
  • CAC 2002 and 2005 over Canada: 2002 for years 2002 and earlier, 2005 for years 2005 and later, and interpolated between the 2002 and 2005 inventory for 2003 and 2004
  • BRAVO over northern Mexico
  • year-specific EMEP over Europe
  • Streets et al. (2003) inventory for 2000 with seasonality from the 2004 inventory over southeast Asia for years prior to 2006; Zhang et al. (2009) inventory for 2006 over southeast Asia for 2006 and later
• Global biofuel NOx emissions are from Yevich et al. (2003). These are overwritten with EPA/NEI 1999 biofuels over the United States. For years 2006 and later, biofuel emissions are zeroed over southeast Asia to avoid double counting because the 2006 inventory for southeast Asia does not separate fossil fuels and biofuels.
• NOx is emitted as NO.

CO sources

fossil fuel CO emissions

• Global CO emissions from fossil fuels are from the EDGAR inventory for 2000. We impose a seasonal cycle north of 36 degrees N (except over China, where the inventory is already monthly), with emissions 10% higher during winter and 10% lower during summer, following Duncan et al. (2007).
• The following regional inventories overwrite the global inventory for fossil fuel CO:
  • EPA/NEI 2005 over the United States, with seasonality from the EPA/NEI 1999 inventory
  • CAC 2002 and 2005 over Canada: 2002 for years 2002 and earlier, 2005 for years 2005 and later, and interpolated between the 2002 and 2005 inventory for 2003 and 2004
  • BRAVO over northern Mexico
  • year-specific EMEP over Europe
  • Years up through 2005: Streets et al. (2003) inventory for 2000 over southeast Asia, overwritten with Streets et al. (2006) inventory for 2001 over China. For 2006 and later, Zhang et al. (2009) inventory for 2006 over southeast Asia.
• Global biofuel CO emissions are from Yevich et al. (2003). These are overwritten with EPA/NEI 1999 biofuels over the United States. For years 2006 and later, biofuel emissions are zeroed over southeast Asia to avoid double counting because the 2006 inventory for southeast Asia does not separate fossil fuels and biofuels.
• To account for CO production from co-emitted non-methane hydrocarbons, we scale up fossil fuel CO emissions by 2%, biofuel CO emissions by 8.6%, and biomass burning CO emissions by 5%.

VOC sources

PRPE emissions

• Global fossil fuel emissions of MEK, PRPE, C2H6, C3H8, and ALK4 come from GEOS-Chem's inventory for 1985 (Wang et al. 1998), based on speciation information from EPA. Annual scaling of VOC's uses the same scaling factors as CO.
• The following regional inventories overwrite the global VOC emissions:
  • EPA/NEI 2005 over the United States for all species, with seasonality from EPA/NEI 1999
  • EMEP over Europe for MEK, PRPE, C2H6, and ALK4
  • For 2006 and later, Zhang et al. (2009) inventory for 2006 over southeast Asia
• Biofuel emissions of MEK, PRPE, C2H6, C3H8, ALK4, CH2O, and ALD2 come from Yevich et al. (2003). All species except CH2O are overwritten with EPA/NEI1999 biofuels over the US. For years 2006 and later, biofuel emissions are zeroed over southeast Asia to avoid double counting because the 2006 inventory for southeast Asia does not separate fossil fuels and biofuels.
• Some VOCs are lumped together. MEK includes ketones with >3 carbons, PRPE includes propene plus alkenes with at least 3 carbons, and ALK4 includes alkanes with at least 4 carbons.

References

BRAVO: Big Bend Regional Aerosol and Visibility Observational (BRAVO) Study Emissions Inventory, H. Kuhns, M. Green, and V. Etyemezian, 2003.

CAC: http://www.ec.gc.ca/pdb/cac/cac_home_e.cfm

Duncan, B. N., J. A. Logan, I. Bey, I. A. Megretskaia, R. M. Yantosca, P. C. Novelli, N. B. Jones, and C. P. Rinsland, The global budget of CO, 1988-1997: source estimates and validation with a global model, J. Geophys. Res., 112 , D22301, doi:10.1029/2007JD008459, 2007.

EDGAR: Olivier, J.G.J. and J.J.M. Berdowski (2001) Global emissions sources and sinks. In: Berdowski, J., Guicherit, R. and B.J. Heij (eds.) "The Climate System", pp. 33-78. A.A. Balkema Publishers/Swets & Zeitlinger Publishers, Lisse, The Netherlands. ISBN: 90 5809 255 0.

EMEP: http://www.emep.int/

EPA/NEI: http://www.epa.gov/air/data/neidb.html

Randerson, J. T., G. R. van der Werf, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, and P. S. Kasibhatla, Global Fire Emissions Da tabase, Version 2 (GFEDv2.1), Data set, Available on-line from Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Streets, D.G., T.C. Bond, G.R. Carmichael, S.D. Fernandes, Q. Fu, Z. Klimont, S.M. Nelson, N.Y. Tsai, M.Q. Wang, J-H. Woo, and K.F. Yarber, An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000, J. Geophys. Res, 108, D21, doi:10.1029/2002JD003093, 2003.

Streets, D.G, Q. Zhang, L. Wang, K. He, J. Hao, Y. Wu, Y. Tang, and G.C. Carmichael, Revisiting China's CO emissions after the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) mission: Synthesis of inventories, atmospheric modeling, and observations, J. Geophys. Res, 111, D14306, doi:10.1029/2006JD007118, 2006.

Van der Werf, G. R., J. T. Randerson, L.Giglio, G. J. Collatz, and P. S. Kasibhatla, Interannual variability in global biomass burning emission from 1997 to 2004, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 3423-3441, 2006.

van Donkelaar, A., R. V. Martin, W. R. Leaitch, A.M. Macdonald, T. W. Walker, D. G. Streets, Q. Zhang, E. J. Dunlea, J. L. Jimenez, J. E. Dibb, L. G. Huey, R. Weber, and M. O. Andreae, Analysis of Aircraft and Satellite Measurements from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) to Quantify Long-Range Transport of East Asian Sulfur to Canada, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 2999-3014, 2008.

VISTAS: http://www.vistas-sesarm.org/index.asp

Wang, Y. , D. J. Jacob, and J. A. Logan, Global simulation of tropospheric O3-NOx-hydrocarbon chemistry, 1. Model formulation, JGR, 103/D9, 10,713-10,726, 1998.

Zhang, Q., D.G. Streets, G.R. Carmichael, K.B. He, H. Huo, A. Kannari, Z. Klimont, I.S. Park, S. Reddy, J.S. Fu, D. Chen, L. Duan, Y. Lei, L.T. Wang, and Z.L. Yao, Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131-5153, 2009.