GEOS-5 Configuration for AR5

GOCART Aerosol and CO Emissions

• CMIP5 anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of CO, BC, OC, and SO₂
• References:
  • Lamarque et al. (2010). Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 7017–7039.
  • http://cmip-pcmdi.llnl.gov/cmip5/
• 0.5 degree resolution
• Emission data downloaded from:

ftp://ftp-ipcc.fz-juelich.de/pub/emissions/gridded_netcdf/tarfiles/

and processed for GOCART

• CMIP5 provides monthly emissions for each decade. For historic emissions, the CMIP-provided anthropogenic and aircraft emissions represent the 1st year of the decade, while ship emissions represent the 5th year of the decade and biomass burning is a decadal average (see IPCC_AR5_historic_emission_and_scenario_data_for_chemistry_simulation.pdf, available from the Juelich ftp site, for details). We interpolate between decades for each source for each month to create a monthly file for each year.
• Biomass burning emissions for 1900 are used for all years prior to 1900.
• Future emissions are based on the RCP4.5 scenario.
• CMIP5 anthropogenic emissions are broken down by source category. We treat the “agricultural waste burning” category as the biofuel input for GOCART, and sum the other anthropogenic categories for the anthropogenic input. Ship and aircraft emissions are input separately.
• Oxidant concentrations are fixed at modern values
• SO₄ ship emissions for GOCART based on CMIP SO₂ ship emissions, scaled by the SO₄/SO₂ ratio from Edgar
• We convert CMIP5 aircraft BC emissions to fuel emissions for GOCART using the altitude-dependent emission ratios from Aerocom, which are based on Döpelheuer’s thesis (2002). See readme_aerocom_aircraft.docx for more information. We then regrid the aircraft data to 72 GEOS5 vertical levels.

Emission references from http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tnt/RcpDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=about#citation:

Buhaug, Ø., J. J. Corbett, Ø. Endresen, V. Eyring, J. Faber, S. Hanayama, D. S. Lee, D. Lee, H. Lindstad, A.Z. Markowska, A. Mjelde, D. Nelissen, J. Nilsen, C. Pålsson, J. J. Winebrake, W.¬Q. Wu, and K. Yoshida, Second IMO GHG study 2009; International Maritime Organization (IMO) London, UK, March, 2009.

Eyring, V., I. S. A. Isaksen, T. Berntsen, W. J. Collins, J. J. Corbett, O. Endresen, R. G. Grainger, J. Moldanova, H. Schlager, and D. S. Stevenson, Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping, Atm. Env., doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059, 2009.

Lee et al. (2009) in preparation (QUANTIFY Scenarios) Developed from the approach of Lee, D.S., et al., Aviation and global climate change in the 21st century, Atmospheric Environment (2009), doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.024

Mieville, A., C. Granier, C. Liousse, B. Guillaume, F. Mouillot, J.F. Lamarque, J.M. Grégoire, G. Pétron (2009), Emissions of gases and particles from biomass burning during the 20th century using satellite data and an historical reconstruction, Atmospheric Environment, submitted.

Schultz, M.G., A. Heil, J.J. Hoelzemann, A. Spessa, K. Thonicke, J. Goldammer, A.C. Held, J.M. Pereira, M. van het Bolscher (2008), Global Wildland Fire Emissions from 1960 to 2000, Global Biogeochem. Cyc., doi:10.1029/2007GB003031.

Smith et al. (2009) in preparation; updated from Smith, Steven J., Pitcher, H., and Wigley, T.M.L. (2001) Global and Regional Anthropogenic Sulfur Dioxide Emissions. Global and Planetary Change 29/1-2, pp 99-119 Smith, Steven J, Robert Andres, Elvira Conception and Josh Lurz (2004) Sulfur Dioxide Emissions: 1850-2000 (JGCRI Report. PNNL-14537).

Updated from: Bond, T.C., E. Bhardwaj, R. Dong, R. Jogani, S. Jung, C. Roden, D.G. Streets, S. Fernandes, and N. Trautmann (2007), Historical emissions of black and organic carbon aerosol from energy-related combustion, 1850-2000, Glob. Biogeochem. Cyc., 21, GB2018, doi:10.1029/2006GB002840, with new emissions factors developed in collaboration with C. Liousse

Van der Werf, G., J. T. Randerson, L. Giglio, G. J. Collatz, P. S. Kasibhatla, and A. F. Arellano Jr. (2006), Interannual variability in global biomass burning emissions from 1997 to 2004, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 6, 3423­3441.

Prescribed CMIP5 Concentrations of Trace Gases Used in the Radiation Calculations

In all cases, the 3-dimensional distributions of mixing ratios are relaxed to the prescribed zonal-mean values described here, using a time scale of 3 days. In addition, the gas concentrations are subject to large-scale advection and to mixing by subgrid-scale convective and turbulent processes.

• N₂0, CH4, CFC-11, CFC-12, and HCFC-22
  • Compute 5-year running averages of monthly zonal means from a 1950-2010 GEOS-5 CCM-V1 simulation.
  • Calibrate to the tropospheric specification from CMIP5 historic mid-year concentrations downloaded from http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tnt/RcpDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=welcome.
  • Project early 1950s concentrations back to 1870 based on the CMIP concentrations.
  • References
    • M. Meinshausen, S. Smith, et al. "The RCP Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and their extension from 1765 to 2500" (in prep.), Climatic Change (Special Issue on RCPs)
    • http://www.iiasa.ac.at/web-apps/tnt/RcpDb/dsd?Action=htmlpage&page=welcome#descript
    • http://www.pik-potsdam.de/~mmalte/rcps/index.htm

• Ozone
  • AC&C/SPARC monthly averages 1870-2005 downloaded from ESG: ftp-esg.ucllnl.org.
  • These were converted to zonal means,
  • undefined values near the surface were removed by filling, and
  • zonal means were interpolated to GEOS-5 layers.
  • References:
    • http://www.pa.op.dlr.de/CCMVal/AC&CSPARC_O3Database_CMIP5.html
    • Cionni, I., V. Eyring, J.-F. Lamarque, W. J. Randel, F. Wu et al., AC&C/SPARC ozone database in support of CMIP5 simulations, Atmos. Chem. Phys, in preparation, 2010.

• H₂O above the tropopause
  • Compute 5-year running averages of monthly zonal means from a 1950-2010 GEOS-5 CCM-V1 simulation.
  • Project early 1950s concentrations back to 1870 based on CH4 from RCPs and assuming the stratospheric age-of-air is five years.